Application Architecture Interview Questions and Answers in 2025 (100+ Q&A)

Application Architecture Tech Architect

Ques:- Find The Oldest Customer in Your Database..Its Hard ..Can any1 tell on the basis of what we can find it..& whats will the query..??

Asked In :- Provar, eq technologic, tdm group, sigma s.a.,

Right Answer:
To find the oldest customer in your database, you can use a SQL query that selects the customer with the earliest date of birth or registration date. Here’s an example query:

```sql
SELECT * FROM customers
ORDER BY date_of_birth ASC
LIMIT 1;
```

Replace `date_of_birth` with the appropriate column name that indicates the customer's age.

Application Architecture Team Lead/ Tech Lead

Ques:- What is Sun?s Open Network Computing Architecture?

Asked In :- Tyto Software, avaya, prokarma, fulcrum logic, relativity, tsi,

Right Answer:
Sun's Open Network Computing Architecture (ONC) is a framework developed by Sun Microsystems that enables distributed computing by allowing different systems to communicate and share resources over a network. It includes protocols and services for remote procedure calls (RPC), file sharing, and directory services, facilitating interoperability among diverse systems and applications.

Application Architecture Team Lead/ Tech Lead

Ques:- What is Digital?s Network Application System (NAS) architecture?

Asked In :- Elite Software Solutions, New Relic, Christie Digital, Sea Sense Softwares, avaya, textron, improbable, sca technologies, metacube software,

Right Answer:
Digital's Network Application System (NAS) architecture is a modular and distributed system designed to support networked applications. It consists of three main components: the application layer, which handles user interactions; the middleware layer, which facilitates communication and data management; and the data layer, which stores and retrieves data. This architecture allows for scalability, flexibility, and efficient resource management across networked environments.

Application Architecture Team Lead/ Tech Lead

Ques:- The number or character entered through keyboard gets converted to equivalent ASCII code & it get stored on RAM in the binary form. What is the exact procedureon hardware that converts the ASCII value to Binary?

Asked In :- Information Evolution, ENA Care Group, improbable, perfecto mobile, philippine business bank (pbb), adl, iona technologies,

Right Answer:
When a character is entered through the keyboard, the keyboard controller detects the key press and generates a corresponding ASCII code for that character. This ASCII code is then sent to the computer's CPU. The CPU processes the ASCII code and converts it into binary format, which is a series of 0s and 1s. This binary data is then stored in the RAM for further processing. The conversion from ASCII to binary is done using the CPU's internal circuitry, which translates the decimal value of the ASCII code into its binary equivalent.

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- What is the race around condition? How can it be overcome?

Asked In :- Recodem, Anlage Infotech (I), Sysco Software, Digital Core Technologies, improbable, macedon technologies, hugo technology limited,

Right Answer:
A race condition occurs when two or more processes or threads access shared data and try to change it at the same time, leading to unpredictable results. It can be overcome by using synchronization mechanisms such as locks, semaphores, or mutexes to ensure that only one process can access the shared resource at a time.

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- What is cache coherency and how is it eliminated?

Asked In :- Dxc Technology India, qnx software systems, perfecto mobile, object edge, starlims corporation, rev solutions,

Right Answer:
Cache coherency refers to the consistency of data stored in local caches of a shared resource. It ensures that any changes made to a data item in one cache are reflected in all other caches that store that data. Cache coherency can be maintained or eliminated using protocols such as:

1. **Write-through**: Updates are written to both cache and main memory simultaneously.
2. **Write-back**: Updates are made only in the cache and written to memory later, with mechanisms to ensure consistency.
3. **Cache coherence protocols**: Such as MESI (Modified, Exclusive, Shared, Invalid) that manage the states of cached data to ensure all caches have a consistent view.

Elimination of cache coherency issues can also be achieved through techniques like using a centralized memory model or by designing systems that avoid shared state.

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- Difference b/w Machine config vs. web configInProcess vs out process session stateState server and sqlserver Cookie less session state 5. gui programming

Asked In :- WebMobril Technologies, Provar, Cue Health Inc, textron, benefitfocus, wso2, ibp, therap services, hi-tech solutions, mediakind global,

Right Answer:
**Machine.config vs. Web.config:**
- **Machine.config**: A global configuration file for all applications on a server, located in the .NET Framework installation directory.
- **Web.config**: A specific configuration file for an individual web application, located in the application's root directory.

**In-Process vs. Out-of-Process Session State:**
- **In-Process**: Session state is stored in the memory of the web server; faster but not shared across multiple servers.
- **Out-of-Process**: Session state is stored outside the web server (e.g., in a state server or SQL Server); slower but can be shared across multiple servers.

**State Server vs. SQL Server:**
- **State Server**: A dedicated service that stores session state in memory, allowing for faster access but limited to the server's memory.
- **SQL Server**: Stores session state in a database, providing persistence and reliability but with potentially slower access times.

**Cookie-less

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- Explain what is DMA?

Asked In :- iNube Software Solutions, Telenetix, Orion Innovation, Hiya, liberty global, esspl, codec ireland, fulcrum logic, relativity,

Right Answer:
DMA, or Direct Memory Access, is a feature that allows hardware devices to access the main system memory (RAM) independently of the CPU. This enables faster data transfer between devices and memory, improving overall system performance by freeing up the CPU to perform other tasks.

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- What is the purpose of cache? How is it used?

Asked In :- APPSIERRA SOLUTIONS, Information Evolution, f5 networks, omc, fulcrum logic, techware solution, flowable, cirruslabs,

Right Answer:
The purpose of cache is to store frequently accessed data temporarily to improve retrieval speed and reduce latency. It is used by saving copies of data from slower storage or databases, allowing applications to quickly access this data without needing to fetch it from the original source each time.

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- What is the difference between interrupt service routine and subroutine ?

Asked In :- NJ Technologies, Caliber Technologies, edgeverve, defence equipment & support (de&s), vmware airwatch, redgate software, core ecs,

Right Answer:
An interrupt service routine (ISR) is a special function that is executed in response to an interrupt signal from hardware, allowing the system to respond to events immediately. A subroutine, on the other hand, is a general function that can be called by the main program or other subroutines to perform a specific task, without being triggered by hardware interrupts.

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- What are different pipelining hazards and how are they eliminated. ?

Asked In :- Newt Global India, Softeon India, SEEBURGER, Dxc Technology India, Netcracker Technology, tvs next, symphony summit, linkites infotech pvt ltd, threshold software solutions pvt ltd, hugo technology limited,

Right Answer:
There are three main types of pipelining hazards:

1. **Structural Hazards**: Occur when hardware resources are insufficient to support all concurrent operations. They can be eliminated by adding more hardware resources or redesigning the pipeline to avoid resource conflicts.

2. **Data Hazards**: Arise when instructions depend on the results of previous instructions. They can be eliminated using techniques like data forwarding (bypassing), inserting pipeline stalls (bubbles), or using compiler techniques like instruction reordering.

3. **Control Hazards**: Happen due to branch instructions that change the flow of execution. They can be mitigated by using branch prediction, delayed branching, or flushing the pipeline on a mispredicted branch.

These strategies help maintain the efficiency of pipelined architectures.

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- What is Apple?s VITAL architecture?

Asked In :- GrayMatter Software Services, sap fieldglass, kaseya, symphony summit, rev solutions, mediakind global, opg, iona technologies,

Right Answer:
Apple's VITAL architecture stands for "Vulnerability Identification and Threat Assessment Lifecycle." It is a framework designed to enhance the security of Apple's software and hardware by systematically identifying vulnerabilities, assessing threats, and implementing mitigation strategies throughout the development lifecycle.

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- Can anyeone please let me explain (with ex) the 3 tiers and 5 tiers architecture? In BO 6.5 we used 3 tiers and BOXIR3 used 5 tiers.

Asked In :- Sky Bet Gaming, eversource energy, sharp software development india, a2 hosting, rigor,

Right Answer:
Three-tier architecture consists of three layers:

1. **Presentation Layer**: The user interface where users interact with the application.
2. **Application Layer**: The business logic that processes user requests and communicates between the presentation and data layers.
3. **Data Layer**: The database that stores and retrieves data.

Five-tier architecture adds two additional layers:

1. **Presentation Layer**: Same as in three-tier.
2. **Web Layer**: Handles web requests and responses, often includes web servers.
3. **Application Layer**: Same as in three-tier, but may include multiple services.
4. **Business Logic Layer**: Separates business rules from application logic, allowing for more complex processing.
5. **Data Layer**: Same as in three-tier, managing data storage and retrieval.

In BO 6.5, the three-tier architecture was used, while BOXIR3 utilized the more complex five-tier architecture for enhanced scalability and flexibility.

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- What is concept in architecture?is concept useful?do users understand the concept of the building?does concept affect the user?

Asked In :- Elite Software Solutions, Sycamore Software, liberty global, prokarma, flowable, soti,

Right Answer:
In architecture, a concept is the underlying idea or theme that guides the design of a building. Yes, concepts are useful as they provide direction and coherence to the design process. Users may not always fully understand the architectural concept, but it can influence their experience and perception of the space. A well-executed concept can enhance user engagement and satisfaction.

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- In designing component package / framework using Interface programming, where is the best place to put the Interfaces to reduce dependencies? In a single assembly that is referenced by other assemblies. In the domain assembly near the class that inherits the interface? or In the client assembly where the interface is being used?

Asked In :- Newt Global India, Telenetix, codec ireland, flexera software,

Right Answer:
The best place to put the Interfaces is in a single assembly that is referenced by other assemblies.

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- What are the types of memory management?

Asked In :- NSOFT SOLUTIONS, ANSYS Software, Sea Sense Softwares, omc, improbable, a2 hosting, metacube software, global ids, flowable,

Right Answer:
The types of memory management are:

1. **Manual Memory Management** - The programmer explicitly allocates and deallocates memory.
2. **Automatic Memory Management** - The system automatically handles memory allocation and deallocation (e.g., garbage collection).
3. **Static Memory Management** - Memory is allocated at compile time and remains fixed during program execution.
4. **Dynamic Memory Management** - Memory is allocated and deallocated at runtime as needed.

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- How do you improve the cache performance. ?

Asked In :- Netcracker Technology, eq technologic, aspect ratio, brigosha technologies pvt. ltd, simplotel, soti, tsi, hugo technology limited,

Right Answer:
To improve cache performance, you can:

1. Use appropriate cache sizes to fit your workload.
2. Implement cache eviction policies like LRU (Least Recently Used) or LFU (Least Frequently Used).
3. Optimize data access patterns to increase cache hits.
4. Use a distributed caching system for scalability.
5. Preload frequently accessed data into the cache.
6. Minimize cache misses by grouping related data together.
7. Monitor and analyze cache performance metrics to identify bottlenecks.

Application Architecture System Security Engineer

Ques:- Can virtual memory be greater then main memory?

Asked In :- Sarjen Systems, Tyto Software, Sysco Software, qualcomm, wso2, eximius design, epicenter, bigpanda,

Right Answer:
Yes, virtual memory can be greater than main memory.

Application Architecture Team Lead/ Tech Lead

Ques:- What is pipelining?

Asked In :- New Relic, Modulr, Surya Tech Solutions, iress, asm technologies, ils, energy exemplar, endeca,

Right Answer:
Pipelining is a technique used in computer architecture where multiple instruction phases are overlapped in execution to improve processing efficiency. It allows a CPU to work on several instructions at different stages of completion simultaneously, similar to an assembly line.

Application Architecture Team Lead/ Tech Lead

Ques:- The characters entered through keyboard gets converted to equivalent ASCII code & stored on RAM in the binary form. What is exact procedure to happens on hardware that converts the ASCII value to equivalent binary form?

Asked In :- APPSIERRA SOLUTIONS, Telenetix, 8KMiles Software Services, YouView, eximius design, ste, object edge, energy exemplar, mediakind global, flexera software,

Right Answer:
When a character is entered through the keyboard, the following procedure occurs:

1. **Key Press Detection**: The keyboard sends a signal to the keyboard controller indicating which key was pressed.
2. **Scan Code Generation**: The keyboard controller generates a scan code corresponding to the key pressed.
3. **Interrupt Signal**: The controller sends an interrupt signal to the CPU, indicating that a key has been pressed.
4. **Interrupt Handling**: The CPU pauses its current task and executes the interrupt handler for the keyboard.
5. **Scan Code Translation**: The interrupt handler translates the scan code into the corresponding ASCII value using a lookup table.
6. **Storage in RAM**: The ASCII value is then converted into its binary representation (using the binary encoding of the ASCII character) and stored in RAM.

This process allows the character to be represented in binary form for further processing by the computer.

Application Architecture refers to the blueprint or framework that outlines how software applications are structured and how their components interact with each other and with external systems. It involves defining the layers, modules, interfaces, and data flow to ensure that an application meets business requirements, performs efficiently, and is easy to maintain and scale.

A well-designed application architecture considers aspects such as usability, security, performance, and reliability. Common architectural patterns include monolithic, microservices, client-server, and event-driven architectures. Architects decide on technology stacks (like databases, APIs, frontend/backend frameworks), integration methods, and deployment strategies.

Professionals working in this domain analyze business needs and translate them into technical specifications. They also focus on modularity, reusability, and ensuring that different components can evolve independently without breaking the system. Understanding cloud architectures, containerization (Docker, Kubernetes), and DevOps practices is increasingly important.

Good application architecture reduces development time, improves collaboration between teams, and supports future growth. It helps avoid technical debt and ensures that applications remain robust as user demands increase.

Whether you’re a software developer, system architect, or project manager, knowledge of application architecture principles is essential for delivering quality software solutions aligned with organizational goals.

Questions in: Application Architecture

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