Constructor Injection is a method of dependency injection where dependencies are provided to a class through its constructor. This means that when an instance of the class is created, the required dependencies are passed as parameters to the constructor, allowing the class to use them.
Constructor Injection is a method of dependency injection where dependencies are provided to a class through its constructor. This means that when an instance of the class is created, the required dependencies are passed as parameters to the constructor, allowing the class to use them.
Attaching cookies in Laravel refers to the process of sending cookies from the server to the client's browser, allowing the application to store user-specific data (like session information or preferences) that can be retrieved on subsequent requests.
The withcookie() helper method is used to attach cookies.
The cookie generated with this method can be attached by calling withcookie() method with response instance.
By default, all cookies generated by Laravel are encrypted and signed so that they can't be modified or read by the client.
Example :
Route::get('/cookie',function(){
return response("Hello", 200)->header('Content-Type', 'text/html')
->withcookie('name','Virat Gandhi');
});
Laravel framework provides three primary tools for interaction through command-line namely: Artisan, Ticker and REPL.
Artisan is the command line interface frequently used in Laravel and it includes a set of helpful commands for developing a web application.
Example : Here is a list of few commands in Artisan along with their respective functionalities -
To start Laravel project : php artisan serve
To enable caching mechanism
php artisan route:cache
To view the list of available commands supported by Artisan
php artisan list
To view help about any command and view the available options and arguments
php artisan help serve
Writing Commands :
In addition to the commands listed in Artisan, a user can also create a custom command which can be used in the web application.
Please note that commands are stored in app/console/commands directory.
The default command for creating user defined command is shown below -
php artisan make:console <name-of-command>
The schedule of tasks for the given command is defined in the function named schedule, which includes a parameter for scheduling the tasks which takes hourly parameter.
The commands are registered in the array of commands, which includes the path and name of the commands.
Once the command is registered, it is listed in Artisan commands.
The values included in the signature and description section will be displayed when you call for the help attribute of the specified command.
Let us see how to view the attributes of our command DefaultCommand. You should use the command as shown below -
php artisan help DefaultCommand
In Laravel, events are a way to decouple various parts of your application by allowing certain actions to trigger specific responses. An event is an occurrence that can be listened for, while listeners are the classes or methods that handle those events. When an event is fired, all registered listeners for that event are executed, allowing you to perform actions in response to the event, such as sending notifications or updating records.
Events and Listeners serve a great way to decouple a web application, since one event can have multiple listeners which are independent of each other.
The events folder created by the artisan command includes the following two files
1. : event.php
2. :SomeEvent.php.
Event.php
<?php
namespace AppEvents;
abstract class Event{
//
}
As mentioned above, event.php includes the basic definition of class Event and calls for namespace AppEvents. Please note that the user defined or custom events are created in this file.
SomeEvent.php
For example, if we need to initialize order variable in the constructor for registering an event, we can do it in the following way -
public function __construct(Order $order)
{
$this->order = $order;
}
Encryption is a process of converting a plain text to a message using some algorithms such that any third user cannot read the information.
This is helpful for transmitting sensitive information because there are fewer chances for an intruder to target the information transferred.
Encryption is performed using a process called Cryptography.
The text which is to be encrypted is termed as Plain Text and the text or the message obtained after the encryption is called Cipher Text.
The process of converting cipher text to plain text is called Decryption.
Laravel uses AES-256 and AES-128 encrypter, which uses Open SSL for encryption.
All the values included in Laravel are signed using the protocol Message Authentication Code so that the underlying value cannot be tampered with once it is encrypted.
1. Create a new Blade file in the `resources/views/layouts` directory (e.g., `app.blade.php`).
2. Define the HTML structure and include `@yield` directives for sections (e.g., `@yield('content')`).
3. Create individual Blade views that extend the layout using `@extends('layouts.app')`.
4. Define sections in the child views using `@section('content')` and `@endsection`.
5. Use `@include` to add components or partials as needed within the layout.
Step 1 :
Create a layout folder inside the resources/views folder. We are going to use this folder to store all layouts together.
Create a file name master.blade.php which will have the following code associated with it -
<html>
<head>
<title>DemoLaravel - @yield('title')</title>
</head>
<body>
@yield('content')
</body>
</html>
Step 2 :
In this step, you should extend the layout.
Extending a layout involves defining the child elements.
Laravel uses the Blade @extends directive for defining the child elements.
When you are extending a layout, please note the following points -
Views defined in the Blade Layout injects the container in a unique way.
Various sections of view are created as child elements.
Child elements are stored in layouts folder as child.blade.php.
An example that shows extending the layout created above is shown here -
@extends('layouts.app')
@section('title', 'Page Title')
@section('sidebar')
@parent
<p>This refers to the master sidebar.</p>
@endsection
@section('content')
<p>This is my body content.</p>
@endsection
Step 3 :
To implement the child elements in views, you should define the layout in the way it is needed.
Named route is used to give specific name to a route. The name can be assigned using the as array key.
Route::get('user/profile', ['as' => 'profile', function () {
//
}]);
Sessions are used to store information about the user across the requests.
Laravel provides various drivers like file, cookie, apc, array, Memcached, Redis, and database to handle session data.
By default, file driver is used because it is lightweight.
Session can be configured in the file stored at config/session.php.
Implicit Controllers in Laravel refer to a feature that automatically maps routes to controller actions based on the resource name. When you define a resource route, Laravel assumes the standard methods (index, create, store, show, edit, update, destroy) in the controller without needing to explicitly define each route.
Implicit Controllers allow you to define a single route to handle every action in the controller.
You can define it in route.php file with Route:controller method as shown below.
Syntax : Route::controller(‘base URI’,’<class-name-of-the-controller>’);
To redirect to named routes in Laravel, follow these steps:
1. Define a named route in your `routes/web.php` file using the `name` method:
```php
Route::get('/example', 'ExampleController@index')->name('example.route');
```
2. Use the `redirect()->route()` method in your controller or wherever you need to perform the redirect:
```php
return redirect()->route('example.route');
```
Localization feature of Laravel supports different language to be used in application.
You need to store all the strings of different language in a file and these files are stored at resources/views directory.
You should create a separate directory for each supported language.
All the language files should return an array of keyed strings as shown below.
<?php
return [
'welcome' => 'Welcome to the application'
];
The encryption process is the method of converting plain text into a coded format (cipher text) using an algorithm and a key, making it unreadable to unauthorized users.
Encryption of a value can be done by using the encrypt helper in the controllers of Laravel class.
These values are encrypted using OpenSSL and AES-256 cipher.
All the encrypted values are signed with Message Authentication code (MAC) to check for any modifications of the encrypted string.
Route parameters in Laravel are dynamic values in the URL that allow you to capture segments of the URL and pass them to your route's callback or controller. They are defined using curly braces in the route definition, for example, `{id}` in the route `/user/{id}`.
Sometimes in the web application, you may need to capture the parameters passed with the URL.
For this, you should modify the code in routes.php file.
You can capture the parameters in routes.php file in two ways as discussed here -
1. Required Parameters : These parameters are those which should be mandatorily captured for routing the web application.
Example : Route::get('ID/{id}',function($id)
{
echo 'ID: '.$id;
}
);
2. Optional Parameters : Sometimes developers can produce parameters as optional and it is possible with the inclusion of ? after the parameter name in URL.
It is important to keep the default value mentioned as a parameter name.
Example : Route::get('user/{name?}', function ($name = 'Manager') { return $name;});
The example above checks if the value matches to 'Manger' and accordingly routes to the defined URL.
3. Named Routes : Named routes allow a convenient way of creating routes.
The chaining of routes can be specified using name method onto the route definition.
Example : Route::get('user/profile', 'UserController@showProfile')->name('profile');
The user controller will call for the function showProfile with parameter as profile. The parameters use name method onto the route definition.
Basic routing in Laravel refers to the mechanism that allows you to define routes for your application, mapping URLs to specific controller actions or closures. It enables you to handle incoming requests and direct them to the appropriate functionality in your application.
All the application routes are registered within the app/routes.php file.
This file tells Laravel for the URIs it should respond to and the associated controller will give it a particular call.
Example :
<?php
Route::get('/', function ()
{
return view('welcome');
}
);
Terminable middleware in Laravel is a type of middleware that has a `terminate` method, which is called after the response has been sent to the user. This allows you to perform actions like logging or cleanup after the request has been processed.
Terminable middleware performs some task after the response has been sent to the browser.
This can be accomplished by creating a middleware with terminate method in the middleware.
Terminable middleware should be registered with global middleware.
The terminate method will receive two arguments $request and $response.
Example : Create TerminateMiddleware by executing the below command.
"php artisan make:middleware TerminateMiddleware".
To connect to a database in Laravel, the following operations are performed:
1. **Configuration**: Set database connection details in the `.env` file (DB_CONNECTION, DB_HOST, DB_PORT, DB_DATABASE, DB_USERNAME, DB_PASSWORD).
2. **Database Service Provider**: Laravel automatically loads the database service provider.
3. **Establish Connection**: Laravel uses the configuration to establish a connection to the database using the specified driver (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL).
4. **Query Execution**: Use Eloquent ORM or the Query Builder to perform database operations (CRUD).
These steps allow Laravel to interact with the database effectively.
Insert Records : We can insert the record using the DB facade with insert method.
Retrieve Records : After configuring the database, we can retrieve the records using the DB facade with select method.
Update Records :We can update the records using the DB facade with update method.
Delete Records : We can delete the record using the DB facade with the delete method.
Important points about contracts in Laravel include:
1. **Interface Definition**: Contracts are interfaces that define a set of methods that a class must implement.
2. **Decoupling**: They help in decoupling code, allowing for easier testing and maintenance.
3. **Service Container**: Laravel's service container uses contracts to resolve dependencies.
4. **Flexibility**: Contracts allow for multiple implementations, enabling flexibility in swapping out components.
5. **Consistency**: They provide a consistent way to interact with various components of the framework.
While working with Laravel contracts, please note the following important points -
It is mandatory to define facades in the constructor of a class.
Contracts are explicitly defined in the classes and you need not define the contracts in constructors.
The contract uses a function can which includes a parameter named ability and arguments which uses the user identification in the form of an array.
You will have to define a contract as shown in the syntax below -
interface <contract-name>
Contracts are used like facades for creating robust, well-tested Laravel applications. There are various practical differences with usage of contracts and facades.
Contract contains no implementation and new dependencies;
It is easy to write an alternative implementation of a specified contract, thus a user can replace cache implementation without modifying any code base.
All the event classes in Laravel are stored in the app/Events folder and the listeners are stored in the app/Listeners folder.
The artisan command for generating events and listeners in your web application is shown below -
php artisan event:generate
This command generates the events and listeners to the respective folders as discussed above.
In Laravel, Writing Gates and Policies are used for authorization. Gates are simple closures that determine if a user can perform a specific action, while Policies are classes that organize authorization logic around a particular model. Gates are typically used for actions that don't relate to a specific model, while Policies are used for actions that do.
Gates are used to determine if a user is authorized to perform a specified action.
They are typically defined in App/Providers/AuthServiceProvider.php using Gate facade.
Gates are also functions which are declared for performing authorization mechanism.
Policies are declared within an array and are used within classes and methods which use authorization mechanism.
In Laravel, Forms refer to the HTML form elements used to collect user input. Laravel provides a Form Builder that simplifies the creation of forms, handling form submissions, validation, and CSRF protection, making it easier to manage user data in web applications.
Laravel provides various in built tags to handle HTML forms easily and securely.
All the major elements of HTML are generated using Laravel.
To support this, we need to add HTML package to Laravel using composer.
The Laravel category on takluu.com is designed to help aspiring PHP developers and backend engineers master one of the most in-demand web development frameworks in the industry. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced coder, this section will sharpen your skills and prepare you for technical interviews with confidence.
Laravel is an open-source PHP framework that simplifies web development tasks like routing, authentication, sessions, caching, and more. Its expressive syntax, powerful ORM (Eloquent), built-in tools like Artisan, and robust MVC architecture make it a favorite among developers building modern, scalable web applications.
In this category, you’ll explore a curated set of interview questions and answers that cover essential Laravel topics such as migrations, middleware, service containers, blade templating, queues, REST APIs, unit testing, and security features. We also cover real-time scenarios like debugging Laravel apps, handling complex queries, or integrating third-party services.
Whether you’re applying for a Laravel Developer, Full Stack Developer, or PHP Engineer role, our content is tailored to help you speak confidently about Laravel’s ecosystem and its real-world applications.
At Takluu, we regularly update our Laravel section to include the latest features and best practices from new Laravel versions. Each explanation is written in a simple, beginner-friendly tone so you can quickly understand and retain the key concepts.