Questions in: Network & Telecom

It is none as 4 of them are client-server technologies in
different domains

I Guess None i.e iv)

networks are layered so that it can be differentiated that
how the data is being organized and deorganized during the
transfer and how the work is being accompolished by the
whole osi model.....

- To create standards (Network equipment manufacturers
manufacture the equipments based on approved standards to
allow equipment from different manufacturers to communicate
properly)
- For learning purpose (Easy to understand traffic flow
across the network in a layered approach)
- To give room for specialization (Research groups
specializing in specific areas of interest)

there are seven layer
1.physical layer
2.dataq link
3.network
4.transport
session
presentation
application

There are 7 OSI layer:
*physical layer
*data link
*network
*tranport
*session
*presention
*application

Network Topologies
Star , Bus, ring , tree

topology is defined as a arrangement of a computer in a
network.topology are classified into 5 types.
1.mesh topplogy
2.star topology
3.tree topology
4.bus topology
5.ring topology

Ethernet-- I guess

Ethernet 10Base-2 and 10Base-5 are the examples of bus type
network

Datagram:
----------
The unit transmitted between a pair of Internet modules.
The Internet Protocol provides for transmitting blocks of
data, called datagrams, from sources to destinations.
Datagram Sockets:
-----------------
Datagram sockets are for connectionless use. This implies
that there is no distinction between server and client

"DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol"
DHCP allows a computer to join an IP-based network without
having a pre-configured IP address. DHCP is a protocol that
assigns unique IP addresses to devices, then releases and
renews these addresses as devices leave and re-join the
network.
DHCP assigns ip address through a pool of ip address
provided during DHCP configration.

DHCP-Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
-DHCP alocate ip address to client during startup.
-DHCP typically used for reservison & allociaton of ip
address leased each & temparary in dhcp database.
-it provide 8day expirire of ip address lease.
-DHCP centrilisess the management of ip address allocation
o & reduce the human error & associate the ip address.
-

A socket is one end of a two-way communications link
between two programs running on the network
A server socket is an computer communications end point for
new incoming connections. The server socket will accept
incoming connections, handle all lower-level network
traffic to finalize the incoming connection and then spawn
a new connection that can be used to read from or write to,
depending on the code. The server socket itself will still
be available to accept other incoming connections.

socket means bidirectional connectivity between end users.

socket are used to transmite and receive the datagram
packet without use any physical connection.

Coaxial cable comes in two versions: Thinnet and Thicknet.
Thinnet looks like regular TV cable.* It is about 1/4 inch
in diameter and is very flexible and easy to work with. In
contrast, Thicknet is about 1/2 inch in diameter and not
very flexible. Thicknet is older and not very common
anymore except as a backbone within and between buildings.
Coax transmits at 10 Mbps.. Twisted Pair. Twisted pair
looks like telephone wire and consists of insulated strands
of copper wire twisted together.
There are two versions of twisted pair cable: Shielded
Twisted Pair (STP) and Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP).
STP is commonly used in Token Ring networks and UTP in
Ethernet networks where it is referred to as "10baseT."
Transmission rates vary between 10-100 Mbps..Fiber-Optic
Cable.
Fiber- optic cable consists of a thin cylinder of glass
surrounded by glass cladding, encased in protective outer
sheath. Fiber-optic cable is very fast (100 Mbps). It can
transmit over long distances (2 km +) but is expensive.

Topology is not the answer ,asking abt LAN architecture
then ETHERNET,TOKEN RING and ARCNET

The 3 most common types of LAN architectures are: Ethernet,
Token Ring, ArcNet
These architectures are sometimes referred to as "lower-
level protocols" because they represent the specifications
for the IEE802 model which encompasses the physical (1st)
and data link (2nd) layers of the OSI model.

This is how data flow from Source to destination
Let us assume we are trying to send one attachment mail. we
login web email client using web browser where application
layer comes into picture. at the moment when we attach one
doc file of 512 kb presentation layer comes into picture
where presentation layer compress doc format to 300 kb and
hand over to transport layer where transport layer divides
300 kb of data in to segments and add sequence number to
each segments (this will help destination transport layer
to arrange in proper order) then Network layer ensapsulates
it in to IP packets/Datagram and route ip packets to
destination address, once destination router receives ip
packet it will decapsulates ip packet in to frame and
handover frame to data link layer where data link layer
carry the frames in to bits hand over to physical layer.
Physcial layer to Application layer.....this process
continues.....until communication ends.

bulshit answer
please post the answer as a technical expert

Layer 3 switches were conceived as a technology to improve
on the performance of routers used in large local area
networks (LANs) like corporate intranets. The key difference
between Layer 3 switches and routers lies in the hardware
technology used to build the unit. The hardware inside a
Layer 3 switch merges that of traditional switches and
routers, replacing some of a router's software logic with
hardware to offer better performance in some situations.
Layer 3 switches often cost less than traditional routers.
Designed for use within local networks, a Layer 3 switch
will typically not possess the WAN ports and wide area
network features a traditional router will always have.
To answer the question, one needs to consider the
environment where the equipment will be deployed.

Router is better than L-3 switches.
But router is more costly than L-3 switches, L-3 switches
workes same as router, it switching & path selection both.

NIC stand for (Network Interface Card).It insert into a
computer so the computer can be connected to a network.
Ever NIC card contain a Physical Address.
nagesh.p
Q-Cent Technologies.

A Network Interface Card (NIC), also called a Network
Adapter, is used to connect a computer to the cabling used
in a local area network (LAN). Typically, the NIC attaches
to the computer?s expansion bus via an ISA slot (8-bit or
16-bit) or a PCI slot (32-bit). The NIC has one or more
external ports with which to attach the network cable. The
primary function of a NIC is to allow the computer to
communicate on the network.
It does this by transmitting/receiving and controlling
traffic with other computers or devices on the network.
When transmitting, the NIC converts data from parallel to
serial, encodes and compresses it, and then places it on
the wire in the form of an electrical or optical signal.
The process is reversed on the receiving end. The NIC
translates the electrical signal it receives off the wire
into bits that can be read by the computer.

ARP maps IP address into MAC address.
RARP maps MAC address into IP address

ARP is to map ip network address to the hardware / Ethernet
address
RARP is to map network address with ip address