Questions in: Network & Telecom

Right Answer:
Maskable interrupts are those that can be ignored or "masked" by the processor, allowing it to prioritize other tasks. An example is a timer interrupt that can be disabled while performing critical operations.

Non-maskable interrupts (NMIs) cannot be ignored and must be addressed immediately, typically used for critical errors. An example is a hardware failure signal.

Right Answer:
No, a route reflector does not come in the actual path during traffic forwarding; it only facilitates the distribution of routing information.

Right Answer:
You need to configure port security on the switch port to allow only a single MAC address. Set the maximum number of MAC addresses to 1 and specify the allowed MAC address.

Right Answer:
Yes, MPLS supports IPv6.

Right Answer:
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is an unsecured protocol used for transferring data over the web, while HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure) is a secure version that encrypts data using SSL/TLS to protect it during transmission.

Right Answer:
To make peer 1 preferred, you can use the BGP attribute called "local preference." Set a higher local preference for the routes received from peer 1 compared to peer 2. This will ensure that the router prefers the route from peer 1 over peer 2.

Right Answer:
I am familiar with tools like Wireshark, SolarWinds, and PRTG Network Monitor. I use Wireshark to capture and analyze packet data on Ethernet and Wi-Fi networks, helping to identify issues like latency, packet loss, and protocol errors. SolarWinds is useful for monitoring network performance and identifying bottlenecks, while PRTG provides real-time monitoring of network devices and traffic.

Right Answer:
A P router (Provider router) is responsible for routing traffic within the core of a service provider's network, while a PE router (Provider Edge router) connects the provider's network to customer networks and handles customer traffic, including VPNs and other services.

Right Answer:
The different Inter-Process Communication (IPC) mechanisms include:

1. **Pipes** - Unidirectional communication channels.
2. **FIFOs (Named Pipes)** - Similar to pipes but can be accessed by name.
3. **Message Queues** - Allow processes to send and receive messages in a queue.
4. **Shared Memory** - Multiple processes access the same memory space for communication.
5. **Semaphores** - Used for signaling between processes to manage resource access.
6. **Sockets** - Enable communication between processes over a network.
7. **Signals** - Notifications sent to processes to indicate events.

Right Answer:
Two LDP sessions will be established.

Right Answer:
TTCN-3 (Testing and Test Control Notation version 3) is a standardized testing language used for specifying and executing tests for communication protocols and systems.

Right Answer:
VPNv4 is an address family used in MPLS VPNs that includes both the IPv4 address and a Route Distinguisher (RD) to uniquely identify routes across different VPNs, while IPv4 is the standard address family used for regular Internet addressing without any additional identifiers.

Right Answer:
BGP uses the 0.0.0.0 router ID when a BGP router does not have a configured router ID and is not able to determine one from its interfaces or other means.

Right Answer:
Path cost is a value that represents the total cost of traversing a path in a network, typically used in routing protocols to determine the most efficient route from one node to another.

Right Answer:
The default timers for LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) are:

- Hello Timer: 5 seconds
- Hold Timer: 15 seconds

Right Answer:
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) is the original protocol for preventing loops in Ethernet networks. RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol) is an improvement over STP, providing faster convergence times. PVST (Per VLAN Spanning Tree) allows for a separate STP instance for each VLAN, while MSTP (Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol) allows multiple VLANs to be mapped to a single spanning tree instance, improving efficiency and reducing resource usage.

Right Answer:
OSPF is a link state protocol.

Right Answer:
1. Incorrect neighbor IP address configuration.
2. Mismatched AS numbers.
3. Firewall or ACL blocking BGP traffic (TCP port 179).
4. BGP session not configured to use the loopback interface.
5. No active route to the loopback address in the routing table.
6. BGP hold time or keepalive interval mismatches.
7. Loopback interface is down or not configured correctly.

Right Answer:
To optimize memory usage in Exchange 2003, you can:

1. Adjust the memory settings in the Exchange System Manager.
2. Limit the number of concurrent connections.
3. Use the Exchange Performance Optimizer tool.
4. Disable unnecessary services and features.
5. Optimize database caching settings.
6. Increase the virtual memory allocation on the server.
7. Regularly defragment and maintain the Exchange databases.

Right Answer:
The reason only one route is installed in the routing table is likely due to route preference or administrative distance; the router selects the route with the lowest administrative distance or highest preference value.