Questions in: Network & Telecom

Right Answer:
The factors that affect the security of the network include:

1. Network architecture and design
2. Security policies and procedures
3. User access controls and authentication methods
4. Software vulnerabilities and patch management
5. Network devices and their configurations
6. Encryption methods used for data transmission
7. Physical security of network hardware
8. Employee training and awareness
9. Threat landscape and emerging security threats
10. Monitoring and incident response capabilities.

Right Answer:
- **Unicasting**: Sending data from one sender to one specific receiver.
- **Multicasting**: Sending data from one sender to multiple specific receivers at the same time.
- **Broadcasting**: Sending data from one sender to all possible receivers in the network.

Right Answer:
A link is a communication pathway that connects two or more devices in a network, allowing them to exchange data.

Right Answer:
Multiplexing is a technique that combines multiple signals or data streams into one signal over a shared medium, allowing efficient use of resources and enabling multiple communications to occur simultaneously.

Right Answer:
The responsibilities of the Data Link Layer include:

1. Framing: Dividing data into frames for transmission.
2. Physical Addressing: Adding MAC addresses to frames for delivery to the correct device on the local network.
3. Error Detection and Correction: Identifying and correcting errors that may occur during transmission.
4. Flow Control: Managing the rate of data transmission between devices to prevent overwhelming the receiver.
5. Access Control: Determining how multiple devices share the same physical medium (e.g., using protocols like CSMA/CD or CSMA/CA).

Right Answer:
1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer

Right Answer:
The semantic gap refers to the difference between the way data is represented in a network and the meaning or context of that data, which can lead to misunderstandings or misinterpretations in communication.

Right Answer:
The two classes of hardware building blocks are:

1. **Network Devices** (e.g., routers, switches, firewalls)
2. **Transmission Media** (e.g., cables, fiber optics, wireless signals)

Right Answer:
The key elements of protocols include:

1. **Syntax**: The structure or format of the data, including the order of messages and how they are formatted.
2. **Semantics**: The meaning of each section of bits, including the actions taken based on the received messages.
3. **Timing**: The timing of message exchanges, including when messages are sent and how fast they are transmitted.
4. **Error Handling**: Methods for detecting and correcting errors in communication.

Right Answer:
Error Detection identifies errors in data transmission, allowing the system to recognize that an error has occurred. Error Correction not only detects errors but also takes steps to correct them, ensuring the data is accurate and reliable.

Right Answer:
The user support layers are the Application layer and the Presentation layer.

Right Answer:
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is a technology that allows multiple optical signals to be transmitted simultaneously over a single fiber optic cable by using different wavelengths (or colors) of laser light.

Right Answer:
FDM stands for Frequency Division Multiplexing. It is a technique used to transmit multiple signals simultaneously over a single communication channel by allocating a different frequency band to each signal.

Right Answer:
The network support layers are the Network layer and the Data Link layer.

Right Answer:
LRC stands for Longitudinal Redundancy Check. It is an error-detecting code used to check the integrity of data by adding a checksum value at the end of a data block, which represents the sum of the data bytes.

Right Answer:
A point-to-point link is a direct connection between two network devices, allowing them to communicate exclusively with each other without any intermediate devices.

Right Answer:
Data link protocols are rules that govern how data is transmitted over a physical network link. Common examples include:

1. Ethernet
2. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
3. High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
4. Frame Relay
5. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
6. Wireless LAN protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11)

These protocols ensure reliable data transfer, error detection, and flow control between directly connected devices.

Right Answer:
The types of errors in networking are:

1. **Syntax Errors** - Mistakes in the command structure or format.
2. **Logical Errors** - Incorrect configurations that lead to unintended behavior.
3. **Runtime Errors** - Issues that occur during the execution of a command or process.
4. **Transmission Errors** - Errors that happen during data transmission, such as packet loss or corruption.
5. **Configuration Errors** - Incorrect settings in network devices that affect connectivity or performance.

Right Answer:
Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given amount of time, usually measured in bits per second (bps). Latency is the time it takes for a data packet to travel from the source to the destination, typically measured in milliseconds (ms).

Right Answer:
Multiple Access refers to a method that allows multiple users or devices to share the same communication channel or medium simultaneously, enabling them to transmit and receive data without interference.