Right Answer: Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) is a protocol used in data communication that automatically retransmits data packets when errors are detected in transmission. It ensures reliable data transfer by requesting the sender to resend lost or corrupted packets.
Right Answer: NETBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) is an API that allows applications on different computers to communicate over a local area network (LAN). NETBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface) is a networking protocol that uses NETBIOS for communication and is designed for small networks, providing a simple and efficient way to connect devices without the need for routing.
Right Answer: The 5-4-3 rule is a guideline for Ethernet networks that states: in a network segment, you can have a maximum of 5 segments, with no more than 4 repeaters (hubs) between any two nodes, and only 3 of those segments can be populated with devices. This helps to minimize collisions and maintain network performance.
Right Answer: A gateway is a device that connects different networks and translates communication between them, often handling different protocols, while a router is a device that forwards data packets between networks based on their IP addresses, primarily operating within the same protocol.
Right Answer: Flow control is a technique used in networking to manage the rate of data transmission between two devices, ensuring that the sender does not overwhelm the receiver with too much data at once.
Right Answer: Fixed Size Framing is a method of data transmission where each frame has a predetermined, constant size. This means that every frame sent over the network contains the same number of bits, making it easier to manage and process the data, as the receiver knows exactly how many bits to expect for each frame.
Right Answer: The OSI Reference Model provides a framework for understanding and designing network protocols, ensuring interoperability between different systems and devices, and helps in troubleshooting network issues by clearly defining layers and their functions.
Right Answer: A MAC address (Media Access Control address) is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for communication on a network. It is used to identify devices on a local network and is typically represented as a series of six pairs of hexadecimal digits.
Right Answer: RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a data storage technology that combines multiple hard drives into a single unit to improve performance, increase storage capacity, and provide redundancy for data protection.
Right Answer: The possible ways of data exchange include:
1. **Direct Connection** - Using cables (Ethernet, USB).
2. **Wireless Communication** - Using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular networks.
3. **Network Protocols** - Using protocols like TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP for data transfer over networks.
4. **File Transfer** - Using methods like email, cloud storage, or file-sharing services.
5. **APIs** - Using application programming interfaces for data exchange between applications.
6. **Message Queues** - Using systems like RabbitMQ or Kafka for asynchronous data exchange.
Right Answer: Error control refers to the techniques used to detect and correct errors that occur during data transmission over a network. It ensures that the data received is accurate and complete by using methods such as checksums, acknowledgments, and retransmissions.
Right Answer: Stop-and-Wait Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) is a protocol used in data communication where the sender transmits a single frame and then waits for an acknowledgment (ACK) from the receiver before sending the next frame. If the sender does not receive an ACK within a specified time, it retransmits the same frame, ensuring reliable data transfer.
Right Answer: Communication refers to the process of exchanging information between parties, while transmission specifically refers to the process of sending data over a medium (like cables or air). Communication encompasses both the sending and receiving of messages, whereas transmission focuses solely on the delivery aspect.
Right Answer: Multicast routing is a method used to send data from one source to multiple destinations simultaneously over a network, allowing efficient use of bandwidth by transmitting a single copy of the data to multiple recipients who are interested in receiving it.
Right Answer: Character stuffing is a technique used in data communication to ensure that special characters used for control purposes do not interfere with the actual data being transmitted. It involves adding a specific character (usually a "stuffing" character) before a special character in the data stream to differentiate between actual data and control signals. For example, if the special character is a flag, a stuffing character is added before it whenever it appears in the data. This helps maintain the integrity of the data during transmission.
Right Answer: Piggybacking is a technique in networking where a device waits to send its own data until it can attach it to an ongoing transmission from another device, allowing both devices to send and receive data in a single transmission, thus improving efficiency.
Right Answer: Bit rate refers to the number of bits transmitted per second, while baud rate refers to the number of signal changes or symbols transmitted per second.