Right Answer: `ifconfig` is a command-line utility used in Unix-like operating systems to configure, manage, and display network interface parameters, such as IP addresses and network masks.
Right Answer: In a prepaid roaming MT (Mobile Terminated) call flow, the process is as follows:
1. **Caller Initiates Call**: The caller dials the number of the roaming subscriber.
2. **Call Routing**: The call is routed through the caller's home network to the visited network where the roaming subscriber is located.
3. **Visitor Network Identification**: The visited network identifies the roaming subscriber using their International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).
4. **Prepaid Balance Check**: The visited network checks the prepaid balance of the roaming subscriber to ensure sufficient funds for receiving the call.
5. **Call Setup**: If the balance is sufficient, the call setup proceeds, and the visited network sends a notification to the roaming subscriber's device.
6. **Call Connection**: Once the roaming subscriber answers, the call is connected, and the voice path is established.
7. **Billing**: During the call, the visited network tracks the duration and deducts the appropriate charges
Right Answer: In a roaming scenario where a mobile user calls another roaming mobile user, the call flow typically follows these steps:
1. **Call Initiation**: The calling mobile device sends a call setup request to its home network (HPLMN).
2. **Home Location Register (HLR) Query**: The HPLMN queries its HLR to retrieve the roaming status and location of the called party (the recipient).
3. **Routing to Visited Network**: The HPLMN identifies the visited network (VPLMN) where the called party is currently roaming and routes the call setup request to that network.
4. **VPLMN HLR Query**: The VPLMN queries its own HLR to locate the called mobile user and check if the user is available.
5. **Call Setup**: If the called party is available, the VPLMN sends a paging message to the called mobile device.
6. **Call Acceptance**: The called mobile device responds, and
Right Answer: Buffering is the process of temporarily storing data in a memory area (buffer) while it is being transferred between two devices or processes, helping to manage differences in data processing speeds and ensuring smooth data flow.
Right Answer: Protocol testing is the process of verifying that communication protocols function correctly and meet specified requirements, ensuring that data is transmitted accurately and efficiently between devices in a network.
Ques:- What is the need of CPG message in ISUP protocol?
Asked In :-
Right Answer: The CPG (Call Progress) message in the ISUP (ISDN User Part) protocol is used to convey the status of a call during its setup phase, indicating whether the call is ringing, busy, or has been answered. This helps the originating switch to manage call progress and provide feedback to the caller.
Right Answer: The SGM (Segmentation Message) in ISUP (ISDN User Part) is significant because it indicates the segmentation of a message into smaller parts for transmission. It helps in managing the flow of large messages and ensures that they can be reassembled correctly at the receiving end, facilitating reliable communication in the signaling process.
Right Answer: MTP stands for Message Transfer Part, which is a protocol used in telecommunications to facilitate the transfer of signaling messages between network elements in a signaling network.
Right Answer: Wi-Fi Multimedia Extensions (WME) is a set of enhancements to the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standard that prioritizes different types of traffic to improve the performance of multimedia applications. It classifies data into four access categories: voice, video, best effort, and background, allowing for better management of bandwidth and reduced latency for time-sensitive applications like VoIP and video streaming.
Right Answer: Wireless ISPs (WISPs) are internet service providers that deliver internet access to customers using wireless technology instead of traditional wired connections. They typically use radio signals to connect users to the internet, often in rural or underserved areas where wired infrastructure is limited.
Right Answer: IEEE 802.11i, also known as WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2), is a security protocol for wireless networks that provides stronger data protection and network access control. It uses Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for encryption and supports robust authentication methods, ensuring secure communication over Wi-Fi networks.
Right Answer: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a security protocol designed to provide a wireless local area network (WLAN) with a level of security and privacy comparable to what is usually expected of a wired LAN. It uses encryption to protect data transmitted over the wireless network, but it is considered weak and outdated due to vulnerabilities that can be exploited.
Right Answer: The `/ip route check-gateway` command in MikroTik routers is used to determine the status of the gateway for a specific route. It checks if the gateway is reachable by sending ICMP echo requests (ping) to the gateway IP address. If the gateway is reachable, the route is considered active; if not, the route is marked as inactive. This helps in managing routing decisions based on the availability of the gateway.
Right Answer: Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a security protocol designed to secure wireless networks. It provides stronger data protection and network access control than the older WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) standard. WPA uses encryption methods like TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) and later versions, such as WPA2, use AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) for enhanced security.
Right Answer: ARP, or Address Resolution Protocol, is a network protocol used to map an IP address to a physical MAC address in a local area network (LAN).
Right Answer: City-wide mesh networks are a type of network architecture where multiple interconnected nodes (such as routers or access points) are distributed throughout a city, allowing for robust and flexible communication. Each node can connect to multiple other nodes, enabling data to be routed efficiently across the network, improving coverage and reliability for users in urban areas.
Right Answer: The two operating modes included in the 802.11e standard that can be used to improve service for voice are **Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA)** and **HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA)**.
