Questions in: Network & Telecom

U can incress packet size from 32 byes to more through
fallowing commans
ping <source ip address> -l 5000 -t
e.i
ping 192.168.1.100 -l 5000 -t
through this commnand we check lan cable. we send packet.
we can incress packet size 5000 to upto 65000

Is it possible to break the allowed barrier of 64550 bytes?

While installing windows xp, blue screen occurs:-
RAM is not working property
Data Cable has some problem
H/W requirement not match

ram problem or may be device driver problem.

MAC (Media Access Control), It is Unique Physical Address
of any Network device, it’s L2 Base address, because of
it’s Unique & all network device are programmed on based of
their L2 Mac base algorithms,
It’s faster than the L3, L2 Have Unique Hardware Identity
that is call MAC, because always hardware base is faster
than Software Base L3, so L2 Can Make Fast Communication
then L3

Bcoz data link layer bind mac address with frame for
recognize to which device that frame handed over

A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to
another network.

A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to
another network. On the Internet, a node or stopping point
can be either a gateway node or a host (end-point) node.
Both the computers of Internet users and the computers that
serve pages to users are host nodes. The computers that
control traffic within your company's network or at your
local Internet service provider (ISP) are gateway nodes.

Router:
works on third layer i.e Network Layer.
Does path selection, routing etc.
Creates multiple collision domail and multiple broadcast
domain.
Switch:
works on second layer i.e datalynik Layer.
Does framinng.Error Detection etc.
Each port on the switch has a seperate collision domain.
It has single broadcast doamin and multiple collision
domain.
Hub:
It works on physical layer.
It simply forwards the data to each port of it.
Its a non intelligent device.
Has Single collision Domain and single broadcast domain.

Hub
A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.
Switch
In networks, a device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments. Switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI Reference Model and therefore support any packet protocol. LANs that use switches to join segments are called switched LANs or, in the case of Ethernet networks, switched Ethernet LANs.
Router
A device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP.s network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect. Routers use headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use protocols such as ICMP to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts.

straigt cable,cross cable, roll over cable

Mainly in LAN we can use 4 types of cables:
1) STP – Shielded Twisted Pair
2) UTP- Unshielded Twisted Pair
UTP have 2 types 1 is Straight Cable 2 is Cross Cable
3) Coaxial Cable
4) Fiber Optic Cable

PING-packet internet groper.
this command is used to check the connectivity of a single
system with other systems(i.e. working properly).
PING is the ip address of the DNS server or remote host.

ping command is used to check the connectivity between
computers in a network, it works with the help of ICMP-
(inernet control messaging protocol) and it is echo
oriented protocol. if we want to block the systems not to
ping then block the ICMP in firewall.

In networking field there is no matter of MCA or any master
degree if u have skills in networking ur are all most
welcome into the networking world. Some people will tell u
that MCA people's are not suitable for networking but as u
know in MCA Networking is an Separete paper from second sem
from that u can understand that ur suitable for networking
are not
Thank you
Kumar

not like that.... if u are interested in networking side..
if u have any networking certificate,you can move with
networking.
they will consider u.. if u have idea of networking.

process is a collection of code,pcb,stacks and all.and it is
dependent.where as thread is a light weight process and is
independent

A process is a program under execution, where as a thread is
a small part of a process.

4:tcp is connection oriented
it is reliable
it gives the accknowledgement
but
udp is connection less
it is unreliable
it do not give the accknowledgement

1. layer 2 deals with frames and layer 3 deals with
packets. layer 2 uses mac and layer 3 uses ip appletalk ipx
etc.
2.hub:serves one port as input other ports as output in
data forwarding.
switch:breaks collison of which port as output from
incoming port (from their mac table)within lan.
router:it is more intelligence to decide easiest and
cheapest path from source of one n/w to desti of other
network
3.segregation of lan may be for security,avoidance of
cd,bandwith consumption
4tcp-wired conn and reliable of datatx
udp-wireless conn and non reliable of data tx.

dhcp stand for dynamic host configuration protocol. it use
to reduse administrative task in the network by automatic
assine ip address. it when very usefull there computer are
frienkly moved.its a fether APIPA stand for automatic
private internet protocol address when dhcp is not avaiable
then the lan card automatically receve a ip rang is
169.254.0.0 is a apipa

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a
client/server protocol that automatically provides an
Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other
related configuration information such as the subnet mask
and default gateway. RFCs 2131 and 2132 define DHCP as an
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard based on
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), a protocol with which DHCP
shares many implementation details. DHCP allows hosts to
obtain necessary TCP/IP configuration information from a
DHCP server.

A raw socket is a socket that takes packets, bypasses the
normal TCP/IP processing, and sends them to the application
that wants them.

Raw mode is basically there to allow you to bypass some of
the way that your computer handles TCP/IP. Rather than going
through the normal layers of encapsulation/decapsulation
that the TCP/IP stack on the kernel does, you just pass the
packet to the application that needs it. No TCP/IP
processing -- so it's not a processed packet, it's a raw
packet. The application that's using the packet is now
responsible for stripping off the headers, analyzing the
packet, all the stuff that the TCP/IP stack in the kernel
normally does for you.
A raw socket is a socket that takes packets, bypasses the
normal TCP/IP processing, and sends them to the application
that wants them.
Unless you're a programmer, a kernel hacker, or really
really into security, you will most likely not need to deal
much with these. But it's good to know what they are, in
case you find yourself in one of the above scenarios.

VPN (Virtual Private Network)
A virtual private network (VPN) is a private network that
makes use of a public network (such as the Internet), while
maintaining security and privacy through encryption and
security procedures.
VPN's give companies an alternative to leasing an
expensive, dedicated private connection from one office to
another. Many businesses are using VPN on their servers to
allow their employees to connect to their server from home.

you need to open the respective port of VPN box like e.g if you are using SSL VPN then you have to NAT your router to 443 then you have to open port 443 on firewall and likewise.
hope that answer your question..

Ping stands for Packet internet goopher.
Ping command is used to check the connectivity to the
network.

Ping (Packet Internet Groper)is used to check a particular host is reachable across the network. It is also used to self test the NIC of the computer.
The command takes the form ping <ip_address>
Ping uses ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) for its operation. It sends ICMP echo request packets to the designated host. If the device is reachable before a time-out period, an ICMP echo reply message will be received.
Ping measures the round-trip time and records any packet loss, and prints when finished a statistical summary of the echo response packets received, the minimum, mean, max
The following is a sample output of pinging en.wikipedia.org from within the command prompt
ping en.wikipedia.org
Pinging rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org [208.80.152.2] with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 208.80.152.2: bytes=32 time=330ms TTL=51
Reply from 208.80.152.2: bytes=32 time=330ms TTL=51
Reply from 208.80.152.2: bytes=32 time=330ms TTL=51
Reply from 208.80.152.2: bytes=32 time=330ms TTL=51
Ping statistics for 208.80.152.2:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 330ms, Maximum = 330ms, Average = 330ms