Ques:- Tell model of any switches
Asked In :-
Right Answer:
Cisco Catalyst 2960-X Series Switches.
Cisco Catalyst 2960-X Series Switches.
Ques:- What is Log Processing?
Right Answer:
Log processing is the method of collecting, analyzing, and managing log data generated by systems, applications, and devices to monitor performance, detect issues, and ensure security.
Log processing is the method of collecting, analyzing, and managing log data generated by systems, applications, and devices to monitor performance, detect issues, and ensure security.
Ques:- What is Access Control Lists?
Asked In :-
Right Answer:
Access Control Lists (ACLs) are a set of rules that determine which users or systems can access specific resources and what actions they can perform on those resources, typically used in firewalls and network devices to control traffic flow.
Access Control Lists (ACLs) are a set of rules that determine which users or systems can access specific resources and what actions they can perform on those resources, typically used in firewalls and network devices to control traffic flow.
Ques:- What is Worm?
Asked In :-
landis+gyr,
Right Answer:
A worm is a type of malicious software that replicates itself to spread to other computers, often exploiting vulnerabilities in software or networks without needing to attach to a host file.
A worm is a type of malicious software that replicates itself to spread to other computers, often exploiting vulnerabilities in software or networks without needing to attach to a host file.
Ques:- What is DNS spoofing?
Right Answer:
DNS spoofing is a cyber attack where a malicious actor alters DNS records to redirect users from a legitimate website to a fraudulent one, often to steal information or distribute malware.
DNS spoofing is a cyber attack where a malicious actor alters DNS records to redirect users from a legitimate website to a fraudulent one, often to steal information or distribute malware.
Ques:- What are the limitations in increasing the power supply to reduce delay?
Asked In :-
Right Answer:
Increasing the power supply to reduce delay has several limitations, including:
1. **Heat Dissipation**: Higher power leads to increased heat generation, which can damage components and require more complex cooling solutions.
2. **Increased Leakage Current**: Higher voltages can increase leakage currents, leading to higher static power consumption and reduced efficiency.
3. **Signal Integrity Issues**: Higher power can cause signal integrity problems, such as increased noise and crosstalk, affecting performance.
4. **Device Reliability**: Operating at higher voltages can reduce the lifespan of components due to stress and electromigration.
5. **Cost**: Higher power designs may require more expensive materials and components to handle the increased power levels safely.
Increasing the power supply to reduce delay has several limitations, including:
1. **Heat Dissipation**: Higher power leads to increased heat generation, which can damage components and require more complex cooling solutions.
2. **Increased Leakage Current**: Higher voltages can increase leakage currents, leading to higher static power consumption and reduced efficiency.
3. **Signal Integrity Issues**: Higher power can cause signal integrity problems, such as increased noise and crosstalk, affecting performance.
4. **Device Reliability**: Operating at higher voltages can reduce the lifespan of components due to stress and electromigration.
5. **Cost**: Higher power designs may require more expensive materials and components to handle the increased power levels safely.
Ques:- Given a layout, draw its transistor level circuit. (I was given a 3 input AND gate and a 2 input Multiplexer. You can expect any simple 2 or 3 input gates)
Asked In :-
SignOff Semiconductors, autoliv, mercedes-benz research and development india, code.org, skydio,
Right Answer:
For a 3-input AND gate, the transistor level circuit consists of:
- Three PMOS transistors in parallel, connected to the power supply (Vdd).
- Three NMOS transistors in series, connected to ground (GND).
For a 2-input Multiplexer, the transistor level circuit consists of:
- Two PMOS transistors in series for the true path and two NMOS transistors in parallel for the complementary path, controlled by the select line.
- The outputs of the PMOS and NMOS networks are connected to the output node.
For a 3-input AND gate, the transistor level circuit consists of:
- Three PMOS transistors in parallel, connected to the power supply (Vdd).
- Three NMOS transistors in series, connected to ground (GND).
For a 2-input Multiplexer, the transistor level circuit consists of:
- Two PMOS transistors in series for the true path and two NMOS transistors in parallel for the complementary path, controlled by the select line.
- The outputs of the PMOS and NMOS networks are connected to the output node.
Ques:- Draw Vds-Ids curve for a MOSFET. Now, show how this curve changes (a) with increasing Vgs (b) with increasing transistor width (c) considering Channel Length Modulation
Asked In :-
Vector India, samsung electro-mechanics,
Right Answer:
1. **Vds-Ids Curve for a MOSFET**: The curve typically shows three regions: the cutoff region (Ids = 0), the saturation region (Ids is relatively constant), and the triode region (Ids increases linearly with Vds).
2. **(a) With Increasing Vgs**: As Vgs increases, the threshold voltage is surpassed sooner, leading to a higher Ids for a given Vds. The entire curve shifts upward, indicating higher current levels.
3. **(b) With Increasing Transistor Width (W)**: Increasing the transistor width increases the Ids for a given Vgs and Vds, resulting in a steeper slope in the triode region and a higher saturation current in the saturation region.
4. **(c) Considering Channel Length Modulation**: The saturation region curve becomes less flat as Vds increases due to channel length modulation, causing Ids to increase slightly with Vds even in saturation, leading to a
1. **Vds-Ids Curve for a MOSFET**: The curve typically shows three regions: the cutoff region (Ids = 0), the saturation region (Ids is relatively constant), and the triode region (Ids increases linearly with Vds).
2. **(a) With Increasing Vgs**: As Vgs increases, the threshold voltage is surpassed sooner, leading to a higher Ids for a given Vds. The entire curve shifts upward, indicating higher current levels.
3. **(b) With Increasing Transistor Width (W)**: Increasing the transistor width increases the Ids for a given Vgs and Vds, resulting in a steeper slope in the triode region and a higher saturation current in the saturation region.
4. **(c) Considering Channel Length Modulation**: The saturation region curve becomes less flat as Vds increases due to channel length modulation, causing Ids to increase slightly with Vds even in saturation, leading to a
Ques:- Draw the timing diagram for a SRAM Read. What happens if we delay the enabling of Clock signal?
Asked In :-
lam research, selec controls pvt. ltd.,
Right Answer:
In a SRAM Read timing diagram, the sequence is as follows:
1. **Address Setup**: The address is placed on the address lines (A0, A1, ...).
2. **Chip Enable (CE)**: The Chip Enable signal is activated (low).
3. **Output Enable (OE)**: The Output Enable signal is activated (low).
4. **Data Valid**: After a short delay (tAA), the data from the selected address appears on the data lines (D0, D1, ...).
5. **Data Hold**: The data remains valid for a specified time (tOH) after OE is deactivated.
If the Clock signal is delayed when enabling, the SRAM may not read the data correctly, leading to incorrect or undefined output, as the timing for address and control signals may not align properly with the read operation.
In a SRAM Read timing diagram, the sequence is as follows:
1. **Address Setup**: The address is placed on the address lines (A0, A1, ...).
2. **Chip Enable (CE)**: The Chip Enable signal is activated (low).
3. **Output Enable (OE)**: The Output Enable signal is activated (low).
4. **Data Valid**: After a short delay (tAA), the data from the selected address appears on the data lines (D0, D1, ...).
5. **Data Hold**: The data remains valid for a specified time (tOH) after OE is deactivated.
If the Clock signal is delayed when enabling, the SRAM may not read the data correctly, leading to incorrect or undefined output, as the timing for address and control signals may not align properly with the read operation.
Ques:- What is Virtual Network Perimeter?
Right Answer:
A Virtual Network Perimeter is a security boundary that protects a virtual network by controlling access and monitoring traffic between the virtual network and external networks, ensuring that only authorized users and devices can communicate with it.
A Virtual Network Perimeter is a security boundary that protects a virtual network by controlling access and monitoring traffic between the virtual network and external networks, ensuring that only authorized users and devices can communicate with it.
Ques:- If JumpStart clients are on a different subnet to the DHCP server, what must be configured to enableIf JumpStart clients are on a different subnet to the DHCP server, what must be configured to enable them to communicate with the DHCP server?
Asked In :-
solaredge technologies, oag,
Right Answer:
You must configure a DHCP relay agent (also known as IP Helper) on the router to forward DHCP requests from the JumpStart clients to the DHCP server.
You must configure a DHCP relay agent (also known as IP Helper) on the router to forward DHCP requests from the JumpStart clients to the DHCP server.
Ques:- What is Data Driven Attack?
Asked In :-
hitachi,
Right Answer:
A Data Driven Attack is a type of cyber attack where the attacker manipulates input data to exploit vulnerabilities in a system, often aiming to gain unauthorized access, execute malicious code, or extract sensitive information.
A Data Driven Attack is a type of cyber attack where the attacker manipulates input data to exploit vulnerabilities in a system, often aiming to gain unauthorized access, execute malicious code, or extract sensitive information.
Ques:- What is Logging?
Asked In :-
mando hella electronics, telaverge communications,
Right Answer:
Logging is the process of recording events, activities, or transactions in a system, typically for monitoring, troubleshooting, and auditing purposes.
Logging is the process of recording events, activities, or transactions in a system, typically for monitoring, troubleshooting, and auditing purposes.
Ques:- What is Defense in Depth?
Asked In :-
SignOff Semiconductors,
Right Answer:
Defense in Depth is a security strategy that uses multiple layers of protection to safeguard information and systems, ensuring that if one layer fails, others still provide security.
Defense in Depth is a security strategy that uses multiple layers of protection to safeguard information and systems, ensuring that if one layer fails, others still provide security.
Ques:- What is Abuse of Privilege?
Right Answer:
Abuse of privilege refers to a situation where an individual uses their authorized access to systems, data, or resources inappropriately or for unauthorized purposes, often leading to security breaches or violations of policies.
Abuse of privilege refers to a situation where an individual uses their authorized access to systems, data, or resources inappropriately or for unauthorized purposes, often leading to security breaches or violations of policies.
Ques:- What is Log Retention?
Right Answer:
Log retention refers to the policies and practices for storing and managing log data over a specified period of time, ensuring that logs are kept for compliance, security, and troubleshooting purposes before being deleted or archived.
Log retention refers to the policies and practices for storing and managing log data over a specified period of time, ensuring that logs are kept for compliance, security, and troubleshooting purposes before being deleted or archived.
Ques:- What is Virus?
Right Answer:
A virus is a type of malicious software (malware) that attaches itself to legitimate programs or files, replicates itself, and spreads to other computers, often causing harm to systems and data.
A virus is a type of malicious software (malware) that attaches itself to legitimate programs or files, replicates itself, and spreads to other computers, often causing harm to systems and data.
Ques:- Give a big picture of the entire SRAM Layout showing your placements of SRAM Cells, Row Decoders, Column Decoders, Read Circuit, Write Circuit and Buffers
Asked In :-
volkerrail,
Right Answer:
In an SRAM layout, the arrangement typically includes:
1. **SRAM Cells**: Placed in a grid format, organized into rows and columns.
2. **Row Decoders**: Positioned at the edges of the rows, responsible for selecting which row of cells to activate.
3. **Column Decoders**: Located at the edges of the columns, used to select specific columns for read/write operations.
4. **Read Circuit**: Placed adjacent to the column decoders, connected to the selected columns to read data from the SRAM cells.
5. **Write Circuit**: Also near the column decoders, responsible for writing data into the selected SRAM cells.
6. **Buffers**: Positioned at the output of the read circuit and input of the write circuit to stabilize and manage data flow.
This layout ensures efficient access and control of the SRAM cells during read and write operations.
In an SRAM layout, the arrangement typically includes:
1. **SRAM Cells**: Placed in a grid format, organized into rows and columns.
2. **Row Decoders**: Positioned at the edges of the rows, responsible for selecting which row of cells to activate.
3. **Column Decoders**: Located at the edges of the columns, used to select specific columns for read/write operations.
4. **Read Circuit**: Placed adjacent to the column decoders, connected to the selected columns to read data from the SRAM cells.
5. **Write Circuit**: Also near the column decoders, responsible for writing data into the selected SRAM cells.
6. **Buffers**: Positioned at the output of the read circuit and input of the write circuit to stabilize and manage data flow.
This layout ensures efficient access and control of the SRAM cells during read and write operations.
Ques:- Give the logic expression for an AOI gate. Draw its transistor level equivalent. Draw its stick diagram
Asked In :-
Right Answer:
The logic expression for an AOI (AND-OR-Invert) gate is:
[ overline{(A cdot B) + C} ]
Transistor level equivalent:
- An AOI gate can be implemented using a combination of NMOS and PMOS transistors. The NMOS transistors are used for the AND operation, and the PMOS transistors are used for the OR operation followed by an inverter.
Stick diagram:
```
VDD
|
----
| |
| | PMOS (for OR)
| |
----
|
|-----> Output (Y)
|
----
| |
| | NMOS (for AND)
| |
----
|
GND
```
(Note: The stick diagram is a simplified representation. Actual layout would require specific dimensions and spacing according to the technology used.)
The logic expression for an AOI (AND-OR-Invert) gate is:
[ overline{(A cdot B) + C} ]
Transistor level equivalent:
- An AOI gate can be implemented using a combination of NMOS and PMOS transistors. The NMOS transistors are used for the AND operation, and the PMOS transistors are used for the OR operation followed by an inverter.
Stick diagram:
```
VDD
|
----
| |
| | PMOS (for OR)
| |
----
|
|-----> Output (Y)
|
----
| |
| | NMOS (for AND)
| |
----
|
GND
```
(Note: The stick diagram is a simplified representation. Actual layout would require specific dimensions and spacing according to the technology used.)
Ques:- Draw a CMOS Inverter. Explain its transfer characteristics
Right Answer:
A CMOS inverter consists of a PMOS and an NMOS transistor. The PMOS is connected to the positive supply voltage (VDD), and the NMOS is connected to ground (GND). The input is connected to the gates of both transistors, and the output is taken from the junction of the two transistors.
**Transfer Characteristics:**
- When the input is low (0V), the PMOS turns on and NMOS turns off, resulting in a high output (VDD).
- When the input is high (VDD), the NMOS turns on and PMOS turns off, resulting in a low output (0V).
- The transfer characteristic curve shows a sharp transition between high and low output states, typically with a region of gradual change in the middle, indicating the inverter's switching behavior.
A CMOS inverter consists of a PMOS and an NMOS transistor. The PMOS is connected to the positive supply voltage (VDD), and the NMOS is connected to ground (GND). The input is connected to the gates of both transistors, and the output is taken from the junction of the two transistors.
**Transfer Characteristics:**
- When the input is low (0V), the PMOS turns on and NMOS turns off, resulting in a high output (VDD).
- When the input is high (VDD), the NMOS turns on and PMOS turns off, resulting in a low output (0V).
- The transfer characteristic curve shows a sharp transition between high and low output states, typically with a region of gradual change in the middle, indicating the inverter's switching behavior.
A System Engineer plays a pivotal role in any IT infrastructure, responsible for designing, implementing, and managing the systems that keep an organization’s technology functioning smoothly. From configuring hardware and software components to managing servers, networks, and cloud environments, their job is to ensure system stability, scalability, and security.
They often collaborate with software developers, network engineers, and IT support teams to identify and resolve system issues proactively. A System Engineer is expected to analyze current infrastructure, recommend improvements, and help scale systems based on business needs. They’re also responsible for ensuring uptime and performance by setting up automated monitoring tools, conducting routine maintenance, and applying security patches and updates.
In today’s hybrid IT environments, System Engineers must also be adept in cloud technologies such as AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud Platform. They might work on virtualization (VMware, Hyper-V), containerization (Docker, Kubernetes), or automation tools (Ansible, Terraform) depending on the organization’s architecture.
Strong analytical skills, a deep understanding of operating systems (like Linux and Windows Server), network protocols, cybersecurity principles, and scripting (Bash, PowerShell, Python) are highly valued in this role. Effective communication and documentation are equally important, especially when working in teams or managing incidents and change controls.
Whether it’s deploying a new server, ensuring high availability, or enhancing system performance, System Engineers form the backbone of IT infrastructure. They ensure the digital ecosystem remains secure, efficient, and aligned with organizational goals.
