Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user or system, typically through credentials like usernames and passwords. Authorization is the process of determining what an authenticated user is allowed to do, such as accessing specific resources or performing certain actions. An authenticator is a tool or mechanism used to confirm a user's identity, such as a password, biometric scan, or security token.
Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user or system, typically through credentials like usernames and passwords. Authorization is the process of determining what an authenticated user is allowed to do, such as accessing specific resources or performing certain actions. An authenticator is a tool or mechanism used to confirm a user's identity, such as a password, biometric scan, or security token.
Here are some common protocols and their port numbers:
- HTTP: 80
- HTTPS: 443
- FTP: 21
- SFTP: 22
- SSH: 22
- SMTP: 25
- POP3: 110
- IMAP: 143
- DNS: 53
- DHCP: 67 (server), 68 (client)
Severity refers to the impact of a bug on the system's functionality, while priority indicates the urgency of fixing it. A bug is an error in the code that causes incorrect behavior, whereas a defect is a deviation from the expected result or requirement.
1. **Test Case ID**: TC001
**Test Case Description**: Verify the phone can make a call.
**Preconditions**: Phone is powered on and has a valid SIM card.
**Steps**: Dial a valid phone number and press call.
**Expected Result**: Call connects successfully.
2. **Test Case ID**: TC002
**Test Case Description**: Verify the phone can receive a call.
**Preconditions**: Phone is powered on and has a valid SIM card.
**Steps**: Have another phone call the test phone.
**Expected Result**: Phone rings and displays incoming call.
3. **Test Case ID**: TC003
**Test Case Description**: Verify the phone can send a text message.
**Preconditions**: Phone is powered on and has a valid SIM card.
**Steps**: Compose a text message and send it
The first action when a bug is found is to document the bug with detailed information, including steps to reproduce, expected results, and actual results.
Call-pair testing is a software testing technique used to verify the interactions between pairs of functions or methods in a program. It focuses on testing all possible pairs of calls to ensure that they work correctly together. There is no specific length for a test case in call-pair testing; it depends on the complexity of the functions being tested and the scenarios being covered.
Testing methodology refers to the structured approach used to plan, execute, and evaluate testing activities. Common methodologies include:
1. **Waterfall**: Sequential phases where each phase must be completed before the next begins.
2. **Agile**: Iterative and incremental approach that promotes flexible responses to change.
3. **V-Model**: Extension of the waterfall model that emphasizes verification and validation at each development stage.
4. **Spiral**: Combines iterative development with risk assessment, allowing for repeated refinement.
5. **Test-Driven Development (TDD)**: Writing tests before code to ensure functionality meets requirements.
Each methodology has its own strengths and is chosen based on project needs and team dynamics.
1. Enter a special character (e.g., `@#$%^&*`) in the search box and submit.
2. Leave the search box empty and submit.
3. Enter a very long string (e.g., 10,000 characters) in the search box and submit.
4. Input a number (e.g., `1234567890`) in the search box and submit.
5. Use a mix of letters and numbers (e.g., `abc123!@#`) in the search box and submit.
6. Enter a non-existent URL (e.g., `http://example.com`) in the search box and submit.
7. Input a SQL injection string (e.g., `'; DROP TABLE users; --`) in the search box and submit.
A patch is a piece of software designed to update or fix issues in a program.
SCD stands for Software Change Document, which outlines changes made to software.
CAPA stands for Corrective and Preventive Action, a process used to investigate and resolve issues to prevent recurrence.
ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) refers to integrated software systems that manage and automate core business processes across various departments, such as finance, HR, manufacturing, and supply chain.
The insurance domain involves the industry that provides risk management through insurance policies, covering areas like life, health, property, and liability. It includes processes such as underwriting, claims processing, policy management, and regulatory compliance.
Test Case for Dustbin:
1. **Test Case ID**: TC001
2. **Test Case Title**: Verify Dustbin Functionality
3. **Preconditions**: Dustbin is placed in the designated area.
4. **Test Steps**:
- Check if the dustbin lid opens and closes properly.
- Verify the capacity of the dustbin by filling it with waste.
- Ensure that the dustbin is stable and does not tip over when full.
- Test the ease of emptying the dustbin.
- Check for any unpleasant odors when waste is inside.
5. **Expected Result**:
- The lid should open and close smoothly.
- The dustbin should hold the specified amount of waste without leaking.
- It should remain stable when full.
- Emptying should be easy and mess-free.
- No unpleasant odors should be present.
Negative testing of an Excel sheet involves testing the application with invalid or unexpected inputs to ensure it handles errors gracefully. Examples include:
1. Entering text in numeric fields.
2. Inputting special characters in fields that only accept alphanumeric values.
3. Using excessively large numbers that exceed the cell limit.
4. Leaving required fields blank.
5. Inputting dates in incorrect formats.
6. Testing formulas with invalid references or circular references.
7. Importing corrupted or incompatible file formats.
System testing is a type of software testing that evaluates the complete and integrated software application to ensure it meets the specified requirements and functions correctly in all scenarios.
1. Test with a valid integer string: `int.parse("123")` → Expected: 123
2. Test with a valid negative integer string: `int.parse("-456")` → Expected: -456
3. Test with a valid zero string: `int.parse("0")` → Expected: 0
4. Test with a string containing leading spaces: `int.parse(" 789")` → Expected: 789
5. Test with a string containing trailing spaces: `int.parse("456 ")` → Expected: 456
6. Test with a string containing non-numeric characters: `int.parse("123abc")` → Expected: Error/Exception
7. Test with an empty string: `int.parse("")` → Expected: Error/Exception
8. Test with a string that represents a number too large for an integer: `int.parse("99999999999999999999")` → Expected: Error/Exception
9
A critical security vulnerability in a rarely used feature of the application.
Severity refers to the impact or seriousness of a defect in software. It indicates how critical the issue is in terms of functionality and performance, affecting the application's operation or user experience.
An example of Integration Testing is testing the interaction between a user authentication module and a database module to ensure that user credentials are correctly validated and stored.
SIT (System Integration Testing) is focused on verifying the interactions and data flow between integrated components or systems, ensuring they work together as expected. UAT (User Acceptance Testing) is conducted by end-users to validate that the system meets their requirements and is ready for production.
1. Test with a standard string (e.g., "Hello") - Expected length: 5
2. Test with an empty string ("") - Expected length: 0
3. Test with a string containing spaces (" ") - Expected length: 3
4. Test with a string containing special characters ("@#$%") - Expected length: 4
5. Test with a string containing numbers ("12345") - Expected length: 5
6. Test with a long string (e.g., "This is a long string for testing purposes.") - Expected length: 42
7. Test with a string containing newline characters ("Line1nLine2") - Expected length: 12
8. Test with a string containing Unicode characters ("你好") - Expected length: 2
The number of test cases I would write in one day depends on the complexity of the features being tested, but typically, I can write between 10 to 30 test cases in a day.
The Whitebox Testing section on takluu.com is designed for QA professionals, testers, and developers who want to master the internal testing techniques crucial for delivering high-quality software. Whitebox testing, also known as structural or glass-box testing, involves examining the internal logic, code structure, and workflows to ensure thorough test coverage and bug detection.
This category covers essential concepts such as code coverage metrics (statement, branch, path coverage), control flow testing, data flow testing, unit testing frameworks, and debugging techniques. You’ll also learn about writing effective test cases, identifying edge cases, and using automation tools that support whitebox testing.
Whitebox testing is vital in detecting hidden errors early in the development cycle, improving code quality, and facilitating continuous integration and deployment. This section provides practical interview questions and detailed explanations to help you understand how whitebox testing differs from blackbox testing and when to apply each.
You will also find scenario-based questions frequently asked in QA and software developer interviews that test your understanding of testing methodologies, code instrumentation, and test-driven development (TDD).
Whether you’re preparing for roles such as QA Engineer, Software Tester, or Automation Engineer, this section equips you with the knowledge and skills to perform effective whitebox testing and confidently answer related interview questions.
At Takluu, we focus on practical learning, ensuring you can apply whitebox testing techniques in real projects and succeed in your career journey.