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Python arrays & list items can be accessed with positive or negative numbers (also known as index).
For instance our array/list is of size n, then for positive index 0 is the first index, 1 second, last index will be n-1. For negative index, -n is the first index, -(n-1) second, last negative index will be – 1.
A negative index accesses elements from the end of the list counting backwards.
An example to show negative index in python
>>> import array
>>> a= [1, 2, 3]
>>> print a[-3]
1
>>> print a[-2]
2
>>> print a[-1]
3

Pass by value - a copy is made
Pass by pointer ( explicit pointer)
example:
void func(int * ptr_sent)
main()
{
int i;
int *p;
p = &i;
func(p);
}
void func(int * ptr_sent)
{
*ptr_sent = *ptr_sent + 2
// adds 2 to the value in location pointed by ptr_sent
}
Pass by reference (implicit pointer)
example:
void func(int &ref_sent)
main()
{
int i;
func(&i);
}
void func(int &ref_sent)
{
ref_sent = ref_sent + 2
// adds 2 to the ref_sent
// Please note that you do not need * when using reference
// Any code manipulating reference reflects changes on i
}

During pass by value a duplicate copy of the parameters
passed are created. Any changes made to copy will not
reflect the actual parameters.
In pass by pointer(it called as pass by address) duplicate
copy is not created. and any chagnes made to copy will
reflect in actual parameters also.

Swapping two number in C programming language means exchanging the values of two variables.